Ultimately, CRH releases cortisol from the adrenal cortex via the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, a key endocrine response mechanism to a stressful situation. Neurophysiologically, dopamine (DA) release is supposed to increase wakefulness, partly through the D2 receptor and partly by acting as a stimulator of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). Using -2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) as a ligand in positron emission tomography (PET) studies, sleep deprivation has been associated with reduced metabolic activity in a network of brain regions, including prefrontal and limbic regions, the thalamo-basal ganglia circuit, and cerebellum. Motivational control over the waking state is necessary and presumed to be modulated by top-down cortical control systems, involving prefrontal executive regions. Thus, in humans, sleep deprivation is clearly related to altered emotional and affective functioning.įrom an evolutionary perspective, staying awake has served to guard against outside threats, requiring increased alertness. In affective disorders, only one night of sleep deprivation may improve mood in 40–60% of subjects with major depressive disorder, whereas bipolar patients may even turn into (hypo)mania. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) has been associated with general psychomotor slowing and diminished cognitive performance. In healthy individuals, this may induce decreased alertness and vigilance, together with a general decline in mood. Lack of sleep is a common condition in everyday life, either related to psychosocial demands or related to working shift hours. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedįunding: This study was supported in part by ZONMW (Dutch Organization for Health Research and Development), The Netherlands, grant no. Received: AugAccepted: DecemPublished: January 21, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Klumpers et al. University of Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES (2015) Neurophysiological Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Healthy Adults, a Pilot Study. The blunted HPA-axis response together with altered raclopride binding in the basal ganglia indicate that sustained wakefulness requires involvement of additional adaptive biological systems.Ĭitation: Klumpers UMH, Veltman DJ, van Tol M-J, Kloet RW, Boellaard R, Lammertsma AA, et al. TSD induces widespread cognitive, neurophysiologic and endocrine changes in healthy adults, characterized by reduced cognitive functioning, despite increased regional brain activity. Decreased voxel-by-voxel raclopride binding potential (BP ND) was observed in left caudate. Cortisol secretion was significantly lower after TSD. negative words showed subthreshold increased activation in the (para)hippocampal area. Processing of emotional words in general was associated with increased insular activity, whereas contrasting positive vs. Following TSD, processing of positive words was associated with increased left dorsolateral prefrontal activation. During fMRI, response speed decreased for neutral words and positive targets, and accuracy decreased trendwise for neutral words and for positive targets with a negative distracter. After TSD, perceived energy levels, concentration, and speed of thought decreased significantly, whereas mood did not. Affective symptoms were measured using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) and visual analogue scales. Saliva cortisol levels were acquired at 7 time points during both days. At baseline, after a regular night of sleep, and the next morning after TSD, 12 healthy subjects performed a semantic affective classification functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task, followed by a raclopride positron emission tomography (PET) scan. These systems, however, have never been studied in concert. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) may induce fatigue, neurocognitive slowing and mood changes, which are partly compensated by stress regulating brain systems, resulting in altered dopamine and cortisol levels in order to stay awake if needed.
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